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From a single drop of urine, the sniffing dog learns the marking animal’s sex, diet, health, emotional state, and even whether it’s dominant or submissive, friend or foe.
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Tracking dogs follow a biochemical trail of dead skin cells, sweat, odor molecules, and gasses.
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For dogs, a scent article is like a three-dimensional “odor image” - much more detailed than a photograph is for a person.
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Dogs can track a scent through snow, air, mud, water, and even ash.
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The properly trained and certified detection dog is recognized in court as a "scientific instrument" (US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals)
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According to a report prepared by the Institute for Biological Detection Systems (IBDS) of Auburn University (Auburn, AL), dogs have the following capabilities:
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Sensitivity: Documented limits of olfactory detection for the dog range from tens of parts per billion to 500 parts per trillion.
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Discrimination: Dogs are extremely good at discriminating a target vapor from non-target vapors that are also present, even at relatively high concentrations of non-target odors.
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Odor Signatures: When being trained to detect a substance, dogs learn to alert to one or two of its most abundant vapor compounds.
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Multiple Odor Discriminations: Dogs can easily learn as many as ten odor discriminations.
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